A New World for Electricity Transactions: Peer-to-Peer and Peer-to-X

Peer-to-peer and peer-to-X open a new world of transactions in the electricity sector. This is characterised by active involvement players, both small size non-professional nature, combinations activities carried out behind front meter. refers to which seller buyer are non-professional, whereas where only while different type actor. Observations from practice reveal existence multiple forms peer-to-peer transactions. The first part this contribution illustrates those variants, providing sample concrete implementation cases coming liberalised systems. review shows importance three components that essential functioning discussed second contribution. They are: a) transaction loop, as players cannot sell or buy other peers so easily; b) pricing mechanism, existing wholesale retail markets exert pressure on incentives for activating peers; c) delivery must deliver via grids system operators, except when trading entirely within private networks.